On Scope Relations between Quantifiers and Epistemic Modals

is paper presents and discusses a range of counterexamples to the common view that quanti ers cannot take scope over epistemic modals. Some of the counterexamples raise problems for ‘force modi er’ theories of epistemic modals. Some of the counterexamples raise problems for Robert Stalnaker’s theory of counterfactuals, according towhich a special kind of epistemicmodalmust be able to scope over awhole counterfactual. Finally, some of the counterexamples suggest that David Lewis must countenance ‘would’ counterfactuals in which a covert ‘would’ scopes over the whole consequent of the counterfactual, including an overt ‘might.’